•  Timelines: Create and use a chronological sequence of related events to compare developments and describe instances of change and continuity. 
  
• primary and secondary sources to: a. Analyze social studies content. b. Explain claims and evidence. c. Compare and contrast multiple sources. 
  
• Explain connections between ideas, events, and developments in world history. 
  
• Compare and contrast events and developments in world history & viewpoints about that
  
• Construct and express claims that are supported with relevant evidence from primary and/or secondary sources, content knowledge, and clear reasoning in order to
  
• Explain causes and effects. 
  
• Create and use geographic representations to
  
  • locate and describe places and
    
  • geographic characteristics, including
    
  • hemispheres;
    
  • landforms such as continents, oceans, rivers, mountains, and deserts
    
  • cardinal and intermediate directions
    
  • climate and environment. 
    
• ​Explain how physical geography influenced the development of ancient civilizations and empires. 
•   origin and spread of major world religions as they developed throughout history. 
• Nomadic hunter-gatherer societies
  
• ​        hunting weapons
  
  • fire
    
  • shelter
    
  • tools. 
• Early human migration out of Africa, first to Asia and Europe, then to Australia and the Americas. 
• Agricultural Revolution effects: including the
  
  • barter economy
    
  • food surpluses
    
  • domestication of plants and animals
    
  • specialization
    
  • growth of permanent settlements. 
•  Characteristics of civilizations:
  
  • culture
    
  • specialization
    
  • infrastructure
    
  • stable food supply
    
  • government
    
  • technology
    
  • belief systems
    
  • writing
    
  • social structure